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What causes tornadoes?
The U.S. has more tornadoes than anywhere else on Earth, but their sudden twists and turns still make them mysterious and mesmerizing.
Fri, Apr 08 2011 at 12:14 PM
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Americans know tornadoes like no one else. The U.S. averages at least 10 times more twisters each year than any other country on Earth, and their intensity is infamous — the worst can be a mile wide, rotate at 300 mph and plow along at 70 mph.
Yet despite being target practice for these atmospheric power drills, America's tornado mythos is still cloaked in mystery and misunderstanding. That's understandable, considering tornadoes' stealthy nature — sudden appearances, erratic behavior and brief lifespans make them elusive subjects to study — but science has nonetheless learned a lot in recent decades.
Tornadoes can occur any time of year, but they wage all-out war on the U.S. during spring and summer. With another tornado season already ramping up, below is a guide to how tornadoes work, when and where to expect them, and what you can do to make it out alive.
How tornadoes work
Tornadoes produce the strongest winds on Earth, but they owe all their energy to the chaotic clouds that birth them. Thunderstorms are common worldwide — there may be 700 to 2,000 going on at any given moment — but only a fraction of them become severe enough to form a tornado. They all work in basically the same way, however: The sun heats up water vapor until it rises, cools and condenses into towering cumulonimbus clouds, which gradually collapse on themselves, leading to rain, hail and lightning. A thunderstorm alone is a violent force, but under certain conditions, things can get much worse.
Before a thunderstorm forms, winds begin quickly changing speed and direction. If some gusts are redirected while already rising and accelerating, they can collaborate with colliding air masses to help trigger an invisible, horizontal vortex high in the clouds. As rising air keeps feeding the storm's growth, these "updrafts" also tilt the vortex until it's vertical, sometimes getting trapped by its suction in the process. In strong storms, that may stir up a broad, rotating chunk of lower atmosphere known as a "mesocyclone" (pictured above), which can span several miles across. Mesocyclones make up the cores of supercell thunderstorms.
A thunderstorm's consumption of warm, moist air leaves behind an extreme low-pressure zone underneath the clouds, creating a vacuum effect that can tug down on the storm's base until a "wall cloud" descends. If the storm is powerful enough and the atmospheric pressure is low enough, the rotating mesocyclone may also extend down a concentrated, supercharged funnel cloud known as a tornado (pictured at right). Tornadoes spin violently as they siphon up any remaining humidity, a last-ditch effort to keep their thunderstorms going — similar to finishing a drink with a straw. When this quest for warm moisture brings the funnel in contact with the ground, it can be devastating for anything or anyone in its way.
Where and when tornadoes strike
It's no coincidence the U.S. regularly tops 1,000 tornadoes a year — the country's midsection is a sitting duck. North America's lack of east-west mountain ranges lets huge air masses from the Arctic, the Southwest and the Gulf of Mexico move freely over the continent, which they do vigorously in spring and summer. The resulting collisions above the Great Plains churn up "Tornado Alley's" namesake storms.
Oklahoma endures the most tornadoes of any state, but it's got close company in Texas and Kansas. While Tornado Alley has no official boundaries, it essentially stretches from the Appalachians to the Rockies, with a core of high activity running from South Dakota to central Texas. "Dixie Alley" is another U.S. region frequented by funnel clouds, hugging the Gulf Coast and also powered by its outflow of warm, moist air. Florida is the most tornado-prone state outside Tornado Alley thanks to its almost daily summer thunderstorms.
Although there's no true tornado season, funnels usually starting flying in late February or March, pick up steam in April and hit their peak in May. Destructive tornadoes remain common through June and July, and some parts of the country even experience a second mini-season in fall, usually in September.
Since tornadoes run on warm surface air, they usually occur in the afternoon or at night, after several hours of sun exposure has heated up the air enough to become unstable and ready to rise. The most common hour for tornadoes is 5 p.m., followed by 6 and 7 p.m.; they develop least often between 3 and 9 a.m.
How to survive a tornado
Extreme wind speeds and suction make tornadoes the deadly threats they are, but the main risks to people are almost always flying debris and falling buildings. Tornadoes can turn anything into a missile, often penetrating buildings' walls as they toss around various projectiles (see photo), and their ability to flatten a city in minutes is well-known. If a tornado warning is issued — meaning a funnel cloud has been spotted nearby — take shelter immediately. (For more safety tips, see the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's advice on preparing for a tornado.)
Your main goal during a tornado should be to avoid the path of any flying or falling debris, which causes the most tornado-related deaths. If you're outside, that means getting low to the ground — and don't hide under bridges or overpasses, which could collapse and actually cause winds to speed up. Don't try to outrun a tornado in your car, either, the CDC says. Get out and find an open, treeless place that doesn't have many potential projectiles. Drop into a ditch or other low-lying area and protect your head with an object or your arms.
If you're inside, the first rule is to avoid windows, which are known to shatter under pressure from a tornado. Since strong tornadoes can crush entire buildings, the best place to wait one out is the interior part of a basement or cellar. If you can't get underground, head for a windowless central room, hallway or closet on the lowest floor possible. For extra safety, take cover under something sturdy, like a heavy table or workbench. But think about what's on the floor above you if you're in a two-story building — heavy objects like pianos or refrigerators can fall through.
Mobile homes are notorious tornado targets since they're so easily flipped over and ripped apart by the ferocious winds. The CDC and the Federal Emergency Management Agency recommend leaving mobile homes during a tornado warning, even if they're tied down. Head to the nearest basement if you can reach one, or just follow the rules for protecting yourself outdoors.
The threat isn't necessarily over when a tornado fades away. More could still form, and even if the storm is over, the damage can be deceptively dangerous — loose nails, broken glass and downed power lines are just a few of the risks hidden amid the rubble. Take a look at the CDC's After a Tornado guide for tips on what to do next.
And for more tornado information, check out these related links from MNN (and make sure to watch our top 10 tornado videos, too; there's a preview below).
- Tornado vs. train: Guess who wins?
- Tornado-damaged town a model of eco-living as it rebuilds
- Mercedes creates world's largest artificial tornado
- Mini-tornado technology to double wind-farm output
- Air pollution affects strength of thunderstorms
- What causes lightning?
Editor's Note: This story has been updated from its original version, which was first published on May 21, 2009.
Photo (mesocyclone): NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Photo (tornado and wall cloud): National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Photo ("rope tornado" in Kansas): National Weather Service
Photo (wooden board piercing refrigerator): NOAA
Photo (tornado damage in Norman, Okla., on April 4, 2006): NOAA
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Much as I admire the ingenuity of Aaron's nitrate theory of tornadoes, I don't think it's necessary. My version of why the moist air rises is, I think, sufficient. I do not know if Tornado Alley has damper ground than elsewhere, or merely has fewer trees, which might impede air spinning.
DO NOT open a window wen a tornado is coming. It only gives the wind a chance to get into the house and literally blow it to pieces. Tornadoes are very scary the main reason is you have only minutes to get out of its way. The residents of Moore only had 16 mins. Not every neighborhood here has a storm shelter and neither does every resident.
I am in Turkey, I feel deep sorrow for American brothers and sisters who lost their lives and suffered in Oklahoma tornado..
I live on the middle floor of a condo complex - one unit above me, one below. I was told that the best place to go in the case of a tornado warning was the innermost room with no windows (my bathroom or the laundry room). But I wonder if it would be significantly safer to go downstairs to my neighbor's condo. I also live on top of a hill, but I've heard mixed things about whether that's safer or more of a risk for tornadoes - does anybody know if being on a hill makes a difference?
If there is no shelter available where you live. Get to the lowest level of the building you can and to an interior room with no windows.
The pressure from a tornado does NOT cause windows to break, flying debris do.
I suspect that it is possible for small flying debris to shatter a window so fast it's undetectable, but then again theer must be some tornado force that can create so big a pressure difference sufficient to break a window. Have there been any incidents where a very slightly open window saved the pressure from building up?
Wrong. The pressure difference causes most of the windows to blow out. Yes, some are damaged by debris. Why do you think they would always say open your windows if you suspect a tornado is coming?
For the meteorologist that commented. If you don't think pressure by the tornado winds blow out the windows, watch Storm chasers. There was this one episode where the guy's car window blew up, and it wasn't by debris. Just saying.
For the video: http://www.tornadovideos.net/into-the-storm/ <-- this site is all about that tornado, the story and whatnut. In case you wanted to know more about that F-4 tornado!
Tornadoes are worse then any other disaster in the world. Well, tsunamis, volcanoes and cyclones can be dangerous but I think tornadoes are my worst nightmare arrrrr
We are the generation that will see Gods return known as the rapture Earth quakes Tornadoes Hurricanes will be up and more deadly Read Matt24 all provecies have been fullfilled even the world hearing of Him
Here is some more info. http://www.kansasvortex.com/what-causes-tornadoes.html
Tornadoes, scary dude.
Scary twisters: I cant imagine chasing these big clouds in a car!
Enter yThe videos of these twisters are incredible.our comments here
That explanation is really helpful. I never knew that's how tornadoes develop.
I watched one come up my street years ago. Tornadoes are cool and scary!