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    What's this?
Killing machines: The staggering death toll from cats in the U.S.
The 30 million to 80 million feral and un-owned cats in the country kill between 23 and 46 birds and between 129 and 338 small mammals a year.

By

Tia Ghose, LiveScience
Tue, Jan 29 2013 at 4:39 PM
 9

Related Topics:

Birds, Pets, Wild Animals

Photo: jennifer.barnard/Flickr

Cats kill billions of birds every year and even more tiny rodents and other mammals in the United States, a new study finds.
 
According to the research, published on Jan. 29 in the journal Nature Communications, cats kill between 1.4 billion and 3.7 billion birds and between 6.9 billion and 20.7 billion small mammals, such as meadow voles and chipmunks.
 
Though it's hard to know exactly how many birds live in the United States, the staggering number of bird deaths may account for as much as 15 percent of the total bird population, said study co-author Pete Marra, an animal ecologist with the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute.
 
Staggering toll
Marra and his colleagues are looking at human-related causes for bird and wildlife deaths in the country, from windmills and glass windows to pesticides.
 
But first, Marra and his team looked at the impact of the feline population, one of the biggest putative causes of bird demise in the country.       
 
While past studies had used critter cams or owner reports to estimate the number of birds killed by cats, those studies were usually small and not applicable to the entire country, Marra told LiveScience.
 
For this broader analysis, the team first looked at all prior studies on bird deaths and estimated that around 84 million owned-cats live in the country, many of which are allowed outdoors. [In Photos: America's Favorite Pets]
 
"A lot of these cats may go outside and go to 10 different houses, but they go back to their house and cuddle up on Mr. Smith's lap at night," Marra said.
 
Based on an analysis of past studies, the researchers estimated that each of those felines killed between four and 18 birds a year, and between eight and 21 small mammals per year.
 
But the major scourges for wildlife were not those free-ranging, owned-cats, but instead feral and un-owned cats that survive on the streets. Each of those kitties — and the team estimates between 30 million and 80 million of them live in the United States — kills between 23 and 46 birds a year, and between 129 and 338 small mammals, Marra said.
 
And, it seems, the small rodents taken by felines aren't Norway rats or apartment vermin, but native rodent species such as meadow voles and chipmunks, he added.
 
No easy answers
One obvious step to reduce the mass wildlife death is to keep kitties indoors, Marra said.
 
Perhaps seeing their furry friends bring in a meadow vole or a cardinal will spur cat owners to say, "Listen, Tabby, we're going to have a heart-to-heart talk about how much time you spend outside," he said.
 
Wild cats pose tougher questions, because capture and sterilization approaches have varying levels of success depending on the community, said Bruce Kornreich, a veterinarian at Cornell University's Feline Health Center, who was not involved in the study.
 
While keeping owned-cats indoors is the best way to benefit both kitties and wildlife, a complete cat ban, like the one recently proposed in New Zealand, is probably not the answer, he said.
 
For one, it's not clear how completely removing cats from outdoors would affect the ecosystem.
 
"It may be in some cases that cats may also be keeping other species that may negatively impact bird and other small mammal populations in check," Kornreich told LiveScience.
 
Follow LiveScience on Twitter @livescience. We're also on Facebook & Google+. 
 
Related on LiveScience and MNN:
  • Here, Kitty, Kitty: 10 Facts for Cat Lovers
  • The 10 Weirdest Animal Discoveries of 2012
  • Top 10 Craziest Environmental Ideas
  • MNN: Outdoor cats are prolific killers, study finds
 
This story was originally written for LiveScience and was republished with permission here. Copyright 2013 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company.

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Nature Advocate
Nature Advocate Mar 04 2013 at 4:34 PM
While it is true that overpopulation of humans is the #1 problem that we and all other species face today (humans are a "weedy" species, but they ARE NOT an "invasive species", please educate your sorry selves); this still doesn't excuse all the responsible, wise, and intelligent people from stopping all the ecological disasters caused by those phenomenally stupid and criminally negligent people who should have never been born in the very first place. Cats are a man-made (through selective breeding)
.... More
invasive species. And as such, cats being a product of man's intervention, are no less of a man-made environmental disaster than any oil-spill, radiation-fallout, chemical-spill, or other environmental disaster _caused_by_man_. Cats are _not_exempt_ from having to be removed from every natural environment, wherever and whenever they are found away from supervised confinement. Just as you would do all you can to remove Zebra Mussels from any waterway where they don't belong. Or Burmese Pythons and African Cichlids from every habitat where they exist in N. America today. Burmese Pythons and African Cichlids started out as pets too. Many of our destructive invasive species pests started out as PETS discarded by criminally-irresponsible humans. (Or from pets' habitats, e.g. Eurasian Watermilfoil that is annihilating native aquatic life in many regions of the USA came from people irresponsibly dumping their pet-fish aquarium water into lakes and streams.) And guess what happens to all those other non-native pets that became destructive invasive species? They are destroyed on-site by any means possible -- no questions asked -- none required. Cats are even worse than an oil-spill of multi-continent-sized proportions. They not only kill off rare and endangered marine-mammals along all coastlines (just as all oil-spills do) from run-off from the land carrying cats' Toxoplasma gondii parasites, they also destroy the complete food-chain in every ecosystem where cats are found today. From smallest of prey that is gutted and skinned alive for cats' tortured play-toys (not even used for food, just for senseless play), up to the top predators that are starved to death from cats destroying their ONLY food sources. (Precisely what cats caused on my own land not long ago.) They don't destroy just birds. They destroy everything that moves -- directly or indirectly. They will even destroy valuable native vegetation by destroying those animals that are required pollinators for those plants or those that act as seed dispersers for those plants (as many smaller rodent and bird species do) or those that act as pest-control for those plants. Cats can and will wipe out whole ecosystems eventually -- animal and plant. Cats need to be made to disappear from all non-native habitats -- PERMANENTLY. And the sooner the better. They are breeding out of control at an exponential rate. The reason for "the sooner the better" is that you can only hope you can halt the problem before it is beyond the reach of any method you eventually choose. Luckily, I caught the problem in time where I live (by humanely shooting and burying every last cat I spotted, collared or not, I have a box full of collars to prove it, totally LEGAL, believe it or not). It seems nobody else is faring as well -- their time is being wasted by cat-lickers trying to stop them from doing the right thing. Asking or listening to any deranged invasive species advocate for advice on how to clean up the ecological disaster that they created and perpetuate is about as useful as asking your local career thieves for advice and help to hide your valuables from their daily motives and activities. Ignore anything they might say and you too will solve the problem where you live. It worked 100% where I live!
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Nature Advocate
Nature Advocate Mar 04 2013 at 4:30 PM
The ONLY veterinarians (and groups) that support and condone the COMPLETELY INHUMANE practice of TNR are those that financially benefit from all the hundreds of thousands of dollars that PetSmart charities hand-out as "seed money" cash-grants and pleas for donations by exploiting suffering animals. The more suffering cat-mouths that they can all keep alive the more that they all benefit financially. This is ONLY about the money that they can all make by letting more cats and animals suffer. THERE
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IS ABSOLUTELY NOTHING HUMANE NOR ECOLOGICALLY CORRECT ABOUT TNR. Veterinarians (and all others) with the least bit of credible education (and morality) speak out strongly AGAINST TNR. I suggest you educate yourselves as well about this morally reprehensible TNR "business".
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Nature Advocate
Nature Advocate Mar 04 2013 at 4:26 PM
Licensing and laws do nothing to curb the problem. If cats are required to be licensed then cat-lovers just stop putting collars on their cats, as they did by me. And they won't even bother getting them micro-chipped, especially not that They want absolutely nothing that can hold them legally responsible, liable, and accountable for the actions of their cats. It's why many of them even keep cats in the first place. We're not talking about the topmost responsible citizens of the world, you know. They
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don't want that responsibility of what their cat has done coming back on them. If they had even one iota of a sense of responsibility and respect for all other lives on this planet we wouldn't even be having these discussions. On the other hand, I found something that DOES work, and works well, and works fast (well, relative to the years it takes trying to reason with deceitful and lying cat-lovers that accomplishes ABSOLUTELY NOTHING). Where I live cat-lovers have learned that _ALL_ cats, stray and feral, collared or not, ear-tipped or not (because TNR con-artist liars now just clip cats' ears only, WITHOUT sterilizing or vaccinating them, to protect their hoarded cats from being trapped and euthanized), _ALL_ their cats are humanely shot on sight and buried whenever found away from supervised confinement. The ONLY thing that works is destroying any of their cats found outdoors off their property. They either learn to stop getting more cats that die under the wheels of cars or from animal attacks, or they finally learn how to be a responsible pet owner, respectful neighbor, and learn to keep their invasive species animal under confined supervision, as it should be. Win win win all around. You can either destroy their cat for them humanely, or let their lack of concern for their cat cause it to die inhumanely. By destroying their cat for them humanely you are showing them that you care more about their cat than even they do. A bullet is by far the most humane death that any free-roaming cat will ever meet. Anything else is all inhumanely downhill from there. Their only other options are being hit by cars, environmental poisons, cat & animal attacks, disease and parasites, freezing, etc., etc. You can't train a cat to stay home but I found that, in time, you CAN train a cat-owner into being a responsible pet-owner and a respectable neighbor. Most of them are so phenomenally stupid, disrespectful, and criminally irresponsible though that you have to make at least 12-15 of their cats permanently disappear before they even start to figure out what they've been doing wrong all during their sorry, useless, and pathetic lives. (Though the ones by me were uniquely cretinized and lobotomized. I had to shoot and bury many hundreds of their cats before they started to learn.) If you live in an area where its not legal to use firearms to destroy any animal that is threatening the health and safety of you, your family, your animals, or property (as it *IS* legal in most every area of the nation -- shoot to maim is animal cruelty but shoot to kill is a perfectly legal way to humanely destroy any nuisance animal on your own property); then check into laws regarding air-rifles with ballistics speeds of 700-1200 fps and using pointed vermin-pellets in no-firearms zones. Many of the newer ones even come with their own sound-suppressor designs built-in, being specifically designed for shooting vermin cats in urban areas, the demand is that great. Failing that, then there's always the SSS and TDSS Cat Management Programs that are exploding in popularity worldwide. Shoot, Shovel, & Shut-Up; or Trap, Drown, Shovel, & Shut-Up. Both methods are legal on every square foot of this earth. No local laws were violated if it never happened. (Where cats have already learned to evade all trapping methods, then inexpensive generic 1-adult-strength acetaminophen (overseas a.k.a. paracetamol) pain-relievers are a more species specific vermin poison, available everywhere for pennies. MUCH safer for the environment and all other animals than the antifreeze and rat-poisons that cat-lickers have forced everyone into using. But you really do need to retrieve and dispose of that carcass safely so that native wildlife won't die from the many diseases cats spread even after their death. I fed a shot-dead cat to some starving opossum once, starving from cats having destroyed all their foods. (2 adults and 3 offspring they had while under my care.) Those opossum then died from some disease in that cat. Leaving ANY cat, alive OR dead, out in nature is no better than intentionally poisoning your native wildlife to death. Cats truly are complete wastes of flesh, they can't even be used to feed wild animals safely.) I don't see anyone dumping cats where I live anymore. They don't even adopt more than can be kept under lock & key 24/7. When driving through the area I don't see even one cat on anyone's doorsteps anymore. I always keep an eye out to see if there are more free-roaming cats that will have to be shot one day. And if I'll have to leave fish-oil trails on all the roadsides again, leading right to my IR surveillance system and laser-sighted rifle. (Got more than 70% of the hundreds of them in the area this way. VERY effective if you have criminally irresponsible and criminally negligent cat-licking problem neighbors where you live too.) Leaving ANY of their invasive species cats outside in my area means certain death for that cat, their further existence can be counted in hours. You'd think everyone else could learn from this simple lesson. The quickest way to solve an unwanted animal and irresponsible pet-owner problem is to let everyone know that you will quickly and humanely destroy every last one of their unwanted, uncared-for, or unsupervised animals for them. They either grow up fast or, far more plausible, dump their animals elsewhere to become someone else's problem. You just can't be an enabler of criminally irresponsible spineless and heartless idiots -- or they remain that way. (At least where you live, anyway.) IF THERE ARE NOT DIRECT AND IMMEDIATE IRREVERSIBLE CONSEQUENCES TO THEIR CRIMINALLY-NEGLIGENT AND CRIMINALLY-IRRESPONSIBLE BEHAVIORS AND VALUES, THEN THEY WILL LEARN *NOTHING*.
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anonymous
Dave Robinson Feb 09 2013 at 3:04 PM
Ok.... Cats have been doing this for thousands of years. Why is it such an important issue now and why does something HAVE to be done with it. Many of the birds cats are able to catch are distastefully referred to as "Feeders" even by many bird affectionatos. I wonder how many mice and rats are killed by cats or let's say hawks, owls and other birds of prey. I wonder if there would be the same level of out-cry. Just saying.... There are far more important issues to worry about, things
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we can actually have an effect on, than trying to change the "nature" of things.
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anonymous
melayahm Feb 01 2013 at 11:09 AM
I've been reading this article all over the internet. It seems to be saying, 'pet cats are the tip of the iceberg o this problem, so lets keep the tip of the iceberg indoors'. which is unnatural for them, plus some of us don't want to spend the rest of our cats lives emptying litter trays for them, trying to stop them from escaping and then chasing after them when they do. If feral cats are really such a problem, then cull them. Hey, maybe go chasing after them with packs of dogs
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and a herd of horses, that will really be effective, must be, it's been 'traditional' for foxes for years!
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dorothyabernathy
dorothyabernathy Jan 31 2013 at 8:29 AM
Didn't they once remove all the cats from the cities in Europe? I think that was when the plague occurred. If you remove cats more mice and rats will survive. Cats don't check the species of the rat, native or Norway, apartment or barn, cats kill the mice and rats that are there. As for birds it seems to me that people with bird feeders make killing birds much easier for the cats. We got rid of our bird feeders when we noticed the pussycat from down the street laying in the bushes watching
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the birds flock to the feeder. So, ideally, keeping your cats indoors is safer for the cat and the wildlife. It also gets rid of any wildlife in your house. Fleas on rats cause illness. Fewer rats means fewer fleas. More cats means fewer rats. The biggest problem with studies like this and movement like the one in New Zealand is that it justifies the monsters who are already going out of their way to harm cats. You don't have to search very hard to find stories of cats being abused. Labeling cats a pest or a KILLER lets the real monsters loose with the air of righteousness. Why don't we try caring for our cats and our wildlife and see if both don't benefit.
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anonymous
Island Mom Jan 30 2013 at 2:51 PM
I find it interesting that in the above article "But first, Marra and his team looked at the impact of the feline population, one of the biggest putative causes of bird demise in the country. " So cats are a supposed cause of bird deaths, how about habitat destruction by humans. The whole paper does a lot of assuming, and supposing, and estimating, but with very little fact. Considering that the feral colonies may exist in densely people populated area's, the wild birds would already
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be drastically reduced because of human interference. I think that this being labelled as a good scientific study might be a grossly overestimated assumption.
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anonymous
Pikkewyn Jan 30 2013 at 2:47 PM

Before I had cats, I used to sometimes find mice in my house. Now I have several cats and I haven't seen a mouse in years. I am so thankful this study was done to explain the disappearance of these "tiny rodents"! Who knew?

I did find a snake in my garage last year. A very dead snake!

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momof3's picture
Momof2children Jan 30 2013 at 12:31 PM

The most important quote is at the end: For one, it's not clear how completely removing cats from outdoors would affect the ecosystem.

"It may be in some cases that cats may also be keeping other species that may negatively impact bird and other small mammal populations in check,"

Indeed.

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