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Chris Turner

The best tool for fixing city traffic problems? A wrecking ball

For 50 years, the 'common-sense' solution for traffic woes has been to build more and wider roads. For 50 years it has failed. It's time for a golden age of urban highway demolition.

Fri, Apr 15 2011 at 3:08 PM EST
 51

Pedestrians stroll across a wide plaza at the Embarcadero on San Francisco's waterfront. TRAFFIC UNJAMMED: On San Francisco's waterfront, the Embarcadero is a thriving public space once occupied by an elevated freeway. (Photo: greychr/Flickr)
 
We've been talking up urban transport all week hereabouts, so I figured I'd finish it with a Friday look at highways in the city.
 
Since the 1940s, the one-size-fits-all solution to urban traffic problems has been road construction, and it's a solution that comes only in two sizes: big and bigger. Build 'em wider, add some lanes, raise 'em to the sky and up the speed limit. Keep at it long enough, and eventually there'll be enough room in the city for all those fast-moving cars.  
 
It's a political no-brainer. Traffic woes top the list of city-dweller complaints in elections at every level, and what better response could a politician give than to promise more roads, better roads, expressways, highways, express highways and superhighways and freeways and parkways? If you've got two cars and a single garage, what do you do, Joe Homeowner? You build a wider garage. Same deal with a road, right? It's just common sense.
 
It's also dead wrong.
 
Study after study for a generation now has demonstrated that more and wider highways just create more traffic. Years ago, New Urbanism founding father Andres Duany pointed out that for every 10 percent increase in roadway capacity, you wound up with a 9 percent jump in traffic volume. A British study found that the main impact of an expensive showpiece bypass-building scheme was a 50 percent increase in total traffic. And here's the main takeaway from a recent investigation that looked at road construction in 70 metro areas over 15 years:   
Metro areas that invested heavily in road capacity expansion fared no better in easing congestion than metro areas that did not. Trends in congestion show that areas that exhibited greater growth in lane capacity spent roughly $22 billion more on road construction than those that didn’t, yet ended up with slightly higher congestion costs per person, wasted fuel, and travel delay. 
This is a conclusion worth repeating: spending lots more on roads increased the toll exacted by congestion. Building more highways intensifies the urban traffic mess.
 
Not only do highways fail on their own promise of smoother commutes, they ruin the cityscape around them. That's why the most promising trend in urban traffic management is the destruction of highways — particularly the "grade-separated highways" so beloved by the previous generation of urban transportation departments.  
 
A particularly dramatic case in point comes to us from traffic-clogged Seoul, Korea, where a few years ago a handful of "crazy" visionaries in the transport department somehow managed to sell a new mayor on the demolition of an elevated downtown highway. Fast-forward to today: the highway's gone, a formerly paved-over river has been rehabilitated, the resulting green space is a source of urban pride, and — wait for it — motor vehicle travel times have actually improved in the neighborhood of the old highway.
 
Similar results have emerged from American highway demolitions. Alas, tearing down highways is a very hard sell politically, so the best U.S. cases in point were precipitated by natural disasters — the collapse of the West Side Highway in New York in 1973 and the demolition of San Francisco's Embarcadero Freeway after it was heavily damaged in the 1989 earthquake.
 
Here's an excellent video summary of the impact of both demolitions on traffic from the never-not-fascinating folks at Streetfilms:
 
 
 
Did you catch what former New York traffic commissioner Sam Schwartz said there about the West Side collapse? "The traffic was able to take different paths. Things didn't get worse on all the other routes that had to pick up the slack."  
 
This should, by rights, become the new common sense in urban traffic management: The cars will find a way, and if they don't then people will use other forms of transportation. And the net impact on the livability of the city will be positive in every case. The only good downtown highway is a demolished downtown highway.  
 
To sing the praises of destruction in explosive 140-character bursts, follow me on Twitter: @theturner.

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anonymous
r. simmons 05/10/2011 16:18 PM

listen to the comments about proven examples of traffic removal that works! all you environment hating , gun toting, global warming denying, creationism believing dickwads would prefer to pave it all! these people have credentials to back up their claims. you might have to leave a little earlier in the morning to get to your forklift driving warehouse job. Unbelievable.

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anonymous
Amy-L 05/16/2011 22:12 PM

Speaking of unbelievable: I'm impressed you managed to group so many groups of people you despise into one rant - especially given that they have nothing to do with the article at hand.

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anonymous
Anon 05/10/2011 15:03 PM

Or someone could just mimic Europe where the freeways don't go into the city centers, but around the city. This tends to make highways used as they should be; to get from city to city and NOT how we use them in America; to build roads the city doesn't have to pay for.

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anonymous
assumo 05/13/2011 18:12 PM

The highways that were demolished in all of the cases here were intra-city roads. Demolish an interregional road, and this theory would not hold. The traffic from that highway would disperse throughout the city, or more likely, find another interregional route which would just get hammered. Case in point - you knock down the embarcadero fwy, and things improve. You knock down I-80 from Oakland to SF (aka the bay bridge) and things get hairy.

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anonymous
Sam 05/22/2011 11:44 AM

You mention that the roads demolished were all intracity, and the European model is to only have motorways (highways, sorry) outside cities. Glasgow has motorways cutting straight through its city centre and the congestion is getting worse - so they're building more, year on year, and making the traffic worse, year on year.
Meanwhile, the M6 and M25 in England are proof again that building more lanes / new roads only ups the amount of traffic trying to use the roads and getting snarled.... More

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anonymous
John 05/10/2011 12:44 PM

I can agree as long as they put effort into expanding various useful public transportation. In fact in allot of cities they should just ban private vehicle traffic all together in large portions. It would also help if the expansion projects were not already twenty years too late and already in need of the subsequent phase.

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anonymous
Rick 05/10/2011 12:43 PM

In the not too distant future... cars will be mass transit. They will be automatically controlled to prevent accidents and be allowed to travel at 100mph essentially bumper to bumper. The newer smart cars that warn of impending accidents, or park themselves, are but a glimpse of what technology has in store. To reach this goal of auto-mass transit will require a lot of standardization. Hopefully the car companies will work together to make it possible.

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anonymous
Speedzzter 05/10/2011 12:06 PM

Move somewhere that there aren't any! (That's the majority of the THIRD WORLD)

Depriving access to an area to reduce congestion is a form of parochial oligopoly. It makes about as much sense as reducing blood flow as a treatment for congestive heart failure.

I suspect that the radical luddite tree-huggers won't be happy until everyone (but them) is impoverished in a five-square-foot tent on a perpetual Amish camp-out.

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anonymous
scoot 05/10/2011 11:34 AM

Lets see, if we tear down the highways - we get rid of gridlock traffic. Okay, using the same logic, if we end public housing and public assistance - we wipe out poverty!

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anonymous
Avatar 05/10/2011 11:28 AM

The problem with most major urban freeway congestion are the slow drivers who refuse to travel in the right lanes and clog up the left inside passing lanes. There's nothing worse than someone driving 55 mph or slower in a 65 or 70 mph zone to quickly back up traffic. The other major problem is the lack of egress and exit ramps on some long sections of inner city freeways. Once the traffic begins to back up there is no close exit ramp to escape those congested areas and access the surface.... More

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anonymous
Gilbert Moore 05/10/2011 11:00 AM

Sure, it would be great to get rid of all the highway expansions that blight our landscape. One problem. It throttles economic development. No development, no jobs. The reason for those highways is simple: people need to get to work. If people can't get to work, they move to where they can. Fewer jobs leads to fewer people, which leads to a lower tax base for the area, which leads to economic and urban blight, which leads to lower services such as police, fire, and other emergency services..... More

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anonymous
A 05/10/2011 10:35 AM

The reason adding lanes increases traffic is that the addition encourages people to move further away from the city center. Even if the same number of people are driving, the number of miles driven increases. After a highway to my town was completed, the population doubled in my town, and tripled in two other nearby towns.

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anonymous
Dan 05/10/2011 10:25 AM

The logic of solving traffic problems and the proof provided is similar to euthanizing everyone at age 35 to drastically cut down on cancer and heart disease.
Yes it solves the immediate problem but what is the big picture.
The problem with the experts is that some are employed to build more freeways and some are employed to build mass transit...then there are the environmentalists that start off in the right direction then get lost in thier religious beliefs....so thier.... More

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anonymous
cporter 05/10/2011 09:17 AM

The author of this article needs to read some Bastiat. Guess what: If you get rid of all of the roads you'll have 0 traffic congestion! But that is clearly not useful. This article largely ignores another important piece of information: throughput. Sure, the wider road might not reduce wait times, but throughput probably goes up. There's a supply and demand for road use. If a 12 lane road has an hour wait, then going to 4 lanes might give the same number of people a 2 hour wait. The marginal.... More

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anonymous
RichieT 05/10/2011 08:53 AM

They had no intention to tear down the elevated section of the West-Side Highway. They finally realized they had to after a Back-Hoe fell through it. To many years of neglect. It got caught it mid air.

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anonymous
Charles Means 05/10/2011 07:42 AM

The depressed lanes that cut off the metro area from the waterfront should never have been built to begin with. They are building a new bridge over the river north of the city to accommodate I70 traffic.

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anonymous
Joshua Posner 05/10/2011 05:36 AM

I can only speak of my experiences driving in NYC & Buffalo. While I agree that the removal of the West Side Highway was a boon and think the removal of the Sheridan and Buffalo Skyway would be beneficial too, the larger problems are not being addressed. In select areas, highway removal is a great idea. Doing so has benefited the local economies, people are happy and the enviro-nazis, as they are so ignorantly referred to by some are praised for their efforts.
The larger issue is.... More

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anonymous
RichieT 05/10/2011 09:00 AM

More roads is NOT the answer. Expanding mass transit is. The problem is, the idiots that run the MTA don't have a clue how to manage it. Cutting back service is not the way to fix it. Expanding service is.

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anonymous
t. 05/10/2011 01:46 AM

What this article fails to acknowlege is that more traffic is what cities want. If you decrease traffic to the center of a city, you decrease customers, taxes and revenue. Sure congestion would be reduced, but at what price?

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anonymous
RichieT 05/10/2011 09:28 AM

I have absolutely no idea where you live. In Manhattan, in Times Square, and Herald Square, were they've rerouted the traffic around them, there's been a major increase in income in the area. The tourists love being able to sit down, relax, get something to eat, in two of the top tourist spots in NYC. I can walk from the east river across Manhattan at 42nd street to the west side at 8 am, faster then I could get there by bus. Traffic is good for businesses?

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anonymous
Charles 05/10/2011 10:22 AM

Creating pedestrian only areas obviously helps those specific areas, but people have to be able to get close enough to those areas to be able to walk around in them. How good would business be in Times Square and Herald Square if the GWB and one of the tunnels were closed for a couple of months?

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anonymous
t. 05/10/2011 01:46 AM

What this article fails to acknowlege is that more traffic is what cities want. If you decrease traffic to the center of a city, you decrease customers, taxes and revenue. Sure congestion would be reduced, but at what price?

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anonymous
jwyoming 05/10/2011 01:14 AM

another dumb idea by one of the eco=terrortists. This is about as stupid as putting teats on a boar hog.

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anonymous
Joey 05/09/2011 22:26 PM

So according to Mark, anyone that disagrees with his opinion is filled with "hate". Why win an argument with logic or being right, when you can just manipulate and insult people?

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anonymous
Mark 05/09/2011 22:13 PM

So you think the study lacks common sense, or it is common sense, you just don't like the conclusion? Say what you will, you clearly have some measure of anger here. Again, I don't really disagree with what you're saying, I guess. It's not always good to have fewer roads of course. It's the "enviro-Nazi" and liberal professors chopping off tops of heads idiocy that unfortunately invalidates anything sensical that you may have to add to the conversation. There's just something weird about.... More

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anonymous
Ryan 05/10/2011 00:50 AM

I guess I need to spell it out more plainly. I was trying to make a point by being satirical, except the enviro-nazi part is true. I just think too many educational institutions are falsely "teaching" students about enviro subjects based on their personal beliefs. The science behind global warming models has been disproved, and the leaked emails from a couple of Kyoto summits ago proves that the data that was input in the models was biased for a global warming doomsday. The radical left is.... More

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anonymous
RichieT 05/10/2011 09:14 AM

If Global warming isn't happening, why are the poles melting, why are the water levels in the oceans rising? Why is the Northwest Passage open. It wasn't until 2009, when enough of the ice pack melted, that regular shipping was possible. In 1924, it took 16 months by dog sled to cross what is now crossed by ships.
Explain that.one

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anonymous
Wise Old Man 05/10/2011 20:46 PM

Get off the crack man, it's scewing your what's lacking in America common sence. This isn't about GW, it's about MF-in' traffic.
Go roll another and burn one for me then get a life loser.

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anonymous
Josh 05/10/2011 05:45 AM

Are you so biased that you can't accept science and logic as factual evidence? Global warming is as plain as the nose on your face and the science behind it has been proven time and time again. To suggest otherwise makes you seem ignorant, biased and downright foolish. Watch Fox News lately?
Millions of people care about their environment and they are not liberal pansies and those who make the effort are not Nazis or Fascists. You don't have to believe them, despite their continual use.... More

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anonymous
Yup, Wise Old Man 05/10/2011 20:51 PM

Let me do some simple math, it took like 150my to capture all the carbon and store it in the ground. Man discoveres this bounty and releases quite a bit of it in the last 150yrs. Carbon is here as it always has been, we just changeed it's location. :o)

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anonymous
hunter 05/10/2011 16:39 PM

I believe that most of you who believe the hype about global warming should go back to school and take some geology classes. If you did you would learn that the climate history of earth has cycles. That is why there have been ice ages as well as times when the planet was warm enough for cold blooded reptiles(dinosaurs) to populate the planet. You can't take 100 years of climate data and draw any significant reliable result when you are talking about a planet that is millions of years.... More

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anonymous
Same Wise Man 05/10/2011 21:01 PM

Yeah I used to think that dinos were reptiles until the biomechanics and other data told me my chicken dinner last night was the ancestor of a dino...yummy stuff those dinos are. Oh, and climate data is as good as the over priviliged college kid who hasn't a clue collects for his "I think I am God to you students." professor asks him to collect. Get the picture anyone? It's all about the haves and have nots again. Normal folk think straighter than "Educated" folk because we don't have to.... More

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anonymous
Oscart Pukt 05/09/2011 22:01 PM

Traffic can be entirely eliminated by using the Pukt Theory of Matter and Space to discover the ability to teleport yourself from one place to another by willpower.

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anonymous
Suze 05/10/2011 15:36 PM

Now THAT'S what I'm waiting for!! Beam me up, Scottie!

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anonymous
Joey 05/09/2011 22:01 PM

This "study" can't see the forest for the trees. Even if this solution DOES relieve highway traffic (which I find dubious - you can find nearly ANY outcome you want in a study), it will just INCREASE bumber-to-bumber, stop-and-go, gas-wasting surface street traffic. That would be an environmental and quality-of-life disaster.
Please don't take these "studies" at face value, people.

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anonymous
Mark 05/09/2011 21:09 PM

I don't have the answer, but there's evidence that supports tearing down some freeways. Why not address the evidence? Instead commenters are just leaving hate-filled messages. I know who I agree with so far. Not hate.

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anonymous
jrprip 05/09/2011 21:43 PM

The blogger's premise is that destroying roads ease congestion by FORCING people to travel elsewhere or take public transportation. This is the same logic they use with gas: high gas prices cut down emissions. DUH, But no thanks,

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anonymous
Ryan 05/09/2011 21:39 PM

There! I disagree with you, therefore I must hate you! It's not hate speech, its a differing point of view, when populations grow, there has to be a way to accommodate for a larger number of people traveling from one place to another, for work, family, shopping etc. It's just hard to be nice to people who exercise NO COMMON SENSE!

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anonymous
Ryan 05/09/2011 19:57 PM

Spoken like a true Enviro-Nazi. Just get rid of the roads, oh great, more traffic in neighborhood areas. Where do Liberals receive their logic? Some professor at a Lib university must have cut the top of this writer's skull off, removed the brain and boiled it in Hudson river water... I mean it's one thing to spin a story but this is taking it on a carnival ride. Get real!

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anonymous
Obamanation 05/09/2011 19:20 PM

Most of these issues concern big city problems. How about people who live in rural areas? We have no option to use public transportation as there is none. We can not carpool as the people I work with live in directions away from where I live. I drive 25 miles each way every day that I work. Most of my crew travels further than that.

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anonymous
dog river grad 05/09/2011 22:55 PM

They don't care about you or the members of your crew. The same people that advocate destroying transportation routes are the same ones that would like to have people live stacked on top of each other in cities and shuttled about via public transportation like sardines in a tin can.

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anonymous
Citizen from 1980 05/09/2011 19:17 PM

I was promised 3D TV flying cars and hover boards! 1/3 is failing! get cracking scientists!

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anonymous
gilnail 05/07/2011 02:22 AM

This sounds like a "Save the Whales, Kill the Humans" kind of solution. Perhaps better mass transit systems will help, but destroying highways create other problems. Sure, there will be no traffic is there is no highway, but that also means that people are not able to get to work or get goods to market as easily. Perhaps the reason traffic went down in the situations cited in this article was that the people and businesses took their investments elsewhere.

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anonymous
ed cook 05/06/2011 20:50 PM

It appears that the logic of this proposal is that to eliminate road congestion you eliminate the road. And that the reason that the other roads that have to take up the additional traffic don't appear to become more congested is probably because drivers become so frustrated with the congestion that they think twice before they drive. This doesn't seem to be the practical way to increase mobility.

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anonymous
KevinH 05/13/2011 15:24 PM

I also would love to hear more about the logic behind why this seems to work. I have an idea, but it's really just an idea. I'd love to hear more from the authors.

It might be that the lack of highways eliminates choke points and shortens the absolute distance of the trips. In a highway model, everyone who wants to go anywhere in a certain neighborhood needs to find a way on to a highway (which might be in the opposite direction from the destination), drive along the same stretch of.... More

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anonymous
Virga 05/06/2011 19:29 PM

Roads cause cars, Airports cause airplanes, baby beds cause babies? A lot of good arguments are based on assumptions.

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anonymous
Theophilous 05/06/2011 16:36 PM

You have to ask some simple questions to understand why there is traffic in the first place, and to understand why it increases.

1 Why are there so many people driving cars? answer – because public transportation does not work well. It does not provide the point to point transport of yourself and whatever you are carrying, groceries, tools, etc; with the timelyness or convenience of private transportation. Why should I have to set aside two hours, change busses twice, and hand.... More

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anonymous
Jay Wertz 05/06/2011 16:29 PM

From the reining sovereign of the car culture and traffic congestion, Los Angeles, comes this acute problem spanning almost two decades - the politicians, their consultants and contractors take one step forward, two steps back in making any progress. Before they can even think about freeway destruction, they have to find alternatives to moving 10 million people a day around the metro area. For 15 years they have developed a reasonably efficient rail system that plops the majority of riders.... More

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anonymous
mystoneycreek 04/19/2011 16:16 PM

If you watch 'New York: A Documentary Film', the series by Ric Burns, you'll see what I mean. In the episode focusing on Robert Moses, it's shown how 'the master builder of 20th century NYC' discovered that the more roads they built, the more traffic they created. In other words, the solution to excess consumption isn't in providing more items to consume. Funny, that.

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anonymous
Alex Ihnen 04/18/2011 17:34 PM

Make sure to check out the effort to remove 1.4 miles of aging Interstate in downtown St. Louis: www.citytoriver.org. Nearly all downtown interests have signed on. The CNU labeled I-70 one of its "Freeways Without Futures," and each of the five final design teams in the ongoing effort to revitalize the St. Louis Arch and surrounding National Park endorsed the idea!

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