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MNN.COM › Lifestyle › Responsible Living
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    What's this?
Biodegradable plastic: What you need to know
Biodegradable plastic has been touted as an eco-friendly solution, but does it live up to its reputation?

By

Laura DiMugno
Wed, Dec 05 2012 at 5:29 PM
 7

Related Topics:

Plastics, Bottled Water, Garbage Patches, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Biodegradable Plastic Bag

Photo: iStockphoto

Over 31 million tons of plastic waste is produced each year, of which just 8% is recycled, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Biodegradable plastic made from materials ranging from bacteria to orange peels has been touted as a solution to the global plastic-waste problem and a way to lessen our impact on the environment. However, a closer examination reveals that biodegradable plastic may not live up to its eco-friendly image.

 
Biodegradable plastic was once a classic greenwashing scheme that often tricked consumers into purchasing products that were not, in fact, biodegradable. However, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has cracked down on these dubious claims and now defines what can and cannot be marketed as biodegradable plastic.
 
To qualify as biodegradable, a material must be scientifically proven to break down completely and return to nature within a short time, the FTC says. Don’t be fooled, though: Not all biodegradable plastic is made from bio-based products like plants and food waste; some is derived from synthetic polyesters and other non-bio-based feedstock.
 
Is it really eco-friendly?
But even plastic certified as biodegradable may not be as environmentally friendly as it appears. In fact, according to a recent study released by Germany’s Federal Environment Agency, biodegradable plastic offers almost no environmental advantage over traditional plastic.
 
Why? Unless plastic is composted or recycled, it ends up in landfills, which are designed to be kept dry and air-tight conditions that actually inhibit biodegradation. According to the Canada-based Environment and Plastics Industry Council (EPIC), even though more than two-thirds of the garbage that goes into landfills may be purported to be biodegradable, little change occurs once it gets there.
 
“Nothing has as popular an image as biodegradability in landfills unfortunately, though, it just doesn’t happen,” says Dr. William Rathje, an archaeologist at the University of Arizona and author of the book “Rubbish!: The Archaeology of Garbage.”
 
According to Rathje, if plastic were able to degrade in landfills, the environmental impact would be even worse. When biodegradable plastic breaks down in landfills, he explains in his book, it releases two greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and methane, exacerbating climate change. Moreover, it could contribute to unstable sub-soil conditions and storm-water pollution.
 
There are also concerns about how biodegradable plastic is produced. For instance, much of the feedstock used to create biodegradable plastic comes from corn and other plants that have been treated with fertilizers and/or been genetically modified, the Sustainable Biomaterials Collaborative notes.
 
What you can do
If biodegradable plastic is not really degradable after all, then what can you do to reduce your plastic footprint? The good news is that biodegradable plastic will degrade if composted properly. The Biodegradable Products Institute maintains a list of products that have been independently verified as compostable.
 
If composting is not your thing, recycling and reusing are also generally sustainable options. Another good practice is to reduce your plastic use overall, the EPIC recommends. Less plastic is better than biodegradable plastic, so make smart decisions.
 
Related biodegradable stories on MNN:
  • Biodegradable solutions
  • Biodegradable coffins
  • Biodegradable products: Bad for the environment?

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Comments: 7
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biosphereplastic
Jack Roberts Mar 18 2013 at 11:05 PM
The information you are generating from a trade organization(Organizations that represent corn plastic) is incorrect. The study which was conducted was not on landfills that follow the Title 40 part 60 Sub Cc. The comments that are directed to a "book" which is obviously falsified misinformation, and your link should point to the EPA which I believe would be an unbiased resource. You can find this information here http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/waste/downloads/Landfilling.pdf Any other questions,
.... More
you can also view the EPA's landfill site or any other government organizations, such as the Senate committee on Power and Industry.
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anonymous
Ttom Mar 11 2013 at 4:25 PM

Yes, these products may not work as intended when they reach a landfill. However, it should be noted the amount of plastics in metric tons that never make it to landfills or recycled winds up in the rivers and oceans. The benefits of biodegradable products is evident in these cases.

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anonymous
Jon Feb 17 2013 at 3:57 PM

Does anyone know how Cereplast's products perform environmentally? I have heard good things about them; but, another opinion would be helpful.

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anonymous
SymphonyUK Feb 25 2013 at 9:48 AM
What is the point of bio-based or “compostable” plastics if they cannot be made into compost (because they are required to convert to CO2 gas within 180 days), if they should not be sent to landfill (because they can generate methane in anaerobic conditions), if they cannot be recycled with ordinary plastic, if they are not really renewable (because some of them contain oil-derived materials, and fossil fuels are used in the agricultural and polymerisation process), if they use scarce land and
.... More
water resources, and if they are more expensive and less versatile?
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anonymous
Dr RossH Dec 10 2012 at 3:45 AM
This article was written by someone with an agenda that is clear. Most of it is not true. Most modern landfills do biodegrade matter. How do we know this is true? Even above he mentioned methane production and CO2 production, - that is a landfill at work. If it stayed as a Dry Tomb, there would not be these gases coming off. A modern landfill recirculates the leachate which enhances biogas production quite significantly. Anaerobic gas production is what we want in these landfills. As this
.... More
produces methane, an energy dense clean burning fuel that can be harnessed to displace carbon fuels for electricity production. Yes the methane has to be collected and that is what modern landfills do. They supply renewable energy. The author above forgot to mention that. Most Bioplastics will not biodegrade in a landfill. It is not hot enough and lacks oxygen. They only biodegrade in a commercial compost facility which are few and far between and almost not accessible by consumers. Therefore the concept of a bioplastic is greenwashing which this author did get right. Even if they are sent to a commercial compost facilities they biodegrade to CO2 and so any of that internal molecular energy is lost forever. That is a waste. With 96% of plastics not recycled, it means they go to landfills (or the ocean)where they will last 100's of years. Every piece of plastic ever made unless it has been incinerated still exists somewhere. If we made them biodegradable (not to be confused with a bioplastic - a plastic made from plants) , they would only last 10 years or so in most landfills that have some rainfall. In many ways plastic should be classed as a restricted product due to its last forever properties that can seriously pollute our lands and waters. The trick is to make the plastics biodegradable. Some bioplastics actually are landfill-biodegradable, or you can add a food additive to the plastic at the time of manufacturer to make it attractive for microorganisms to want to come and digest. This is a slow process taking multiple years, but far better than the non biodegradable last-forever option we have now. The main point the author above did get right is that we have to reduce our use of plastic, especially disposable plastic for consumers as that is a large portion of the plastic waste made every year. What do we think people in 300 years will say when they see OUR Coke bottles and grocery store plastic bags spread far and wide over their lands and waters.
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anonymous
Kat Dec 07 2012 at 2:40 AM

Not all plastic stays in the landfill! Sometimes it ends up in the ocean even if it was meant for landfill. Also, are all of the additives in PLA plastic safe? That's something that needs to be addressed.

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anonymous
Don Romano Dec 06 2012 at 9:51 PM

Wow......... its nice to see such a thorougly researched and well written piece on this subject matter.

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