While the rest of us were busy celebrating the first glorious days of fall this weekend, Japan's space agency was quietly making history more than 170 million miles from Earth.

On Sept. 22, JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) announced that its Hayabusa-2 spacecraft had successfully dispatched and landed two small Minerva-II1 rovers on the surface of a 1-kilometer-wide asteroid known as Ryugu. The first pictures sent back, while the rovers themselves were "bouncing" over the surface, are blurry, but nonetheless remarkable.

Now that the little solar-powered rovers are safely on the asteroid, a critical milestone in the more than three-and-a-half year journey it took to reach Ryugu, they will begin exploring its surface and collecting data. Each is equipped with wide-angle and stereo cameras, as well as motor-powered internal rotors that allow them to "hop" from location to location.

Just several days after landing on the asteroid, the two rovers transmitted clearer images and a short video that shows the landscape and topography in greater detail.

Japan rover on asteroid One of the rovers captured a clearer image of the asteroid six days after it landed. (Photo: JAXA)

"The project team is fascinated by the appearance of Ryugu and morale is rising at the prospect of this challenge," project manager Yuichi Tsuda said in a recent JAXA press release. "Together with all of you, we have become the first eyewitnesses to see asteroid Ryugu. I feel this is an amazing honor as we proceed with mission operations."

Surface party to grow

Illustrations of the Minerva-II1 rovers currently present on the surface of Ryugu. Illustrations of the Minerva-II1 rovers currently present on the surface of Ryugu. (Photo: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)

What's even more remarkable about the Hayabusa-2 mission is that it's only just getting started. In fact, two more robotic spacecraft are slated to touch down on Ryugu's surface. The first, called Rover 2, will detach from Hayabusa-2 and use optical and ultraviolet LEDs to analyze lingering dust over the surface of the asteroid. The second, called MASCOT, will study the magnetic properties of Ryugu and non-invasively analyze it mineral composition.

MASCOT successfully landed on Oct. 3 and also tweeted, "And then I found myself in a place like no place on Earth. A land full of wonder, mystery and danger! I landed on asteroid Ryugu!"

The rover's life will be short-lived though since it only has a battery life of 16 hours. But during that time, it will be busy measuring magnetic fields, determining surface temperatures and capturing images at different wavelengths.

You can see an animation of MASCOT's landing below.

Later next year, things will get explosive when the Hayabus-2 jettisons a Small Carry-on Impactor (SCI) to produce a small charge on the asteroid's surface. After two weeks waiting for the dust to clear, the Hayabus-2 will land within this newly created crater and retrieve pristine sub-surface material to return to Earth. These scientifically rich samples are slated to reenter the Earth's atmosphere in December 2020.

A prelude to asteroid mining?

Scientifically, Ryugu is an attractive candidate to researchers because it's thought to contain primitive materials that could shed light not only on the origins and evolution of our own solar system, but also life in general. For the nascent asteroid mining industry, the mission also stands as an interesting case study in the retrieval and return of samples back to Earth.

According to the Asterank website, operated by mining company Planetary Resources, Ryugu's rich composition of nickel, iron, cobalt, water, nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia make it worth $82.76 billion.

For now, however, JAXA is just interested in analyzing as much of Ryugu before the Hayabus-2 fires its ion engines and begins its return trip back to Earth in December 2019.

"Learning about asteroids is important for the future of space exploration," project manager Hitoshi Kuninaka said in an interview with Spaceflight Now. "This is a difficult mission, but in order for humans to expand from Earth into space, it will be necessary to meet challenges. We need a lot of technology and information about the solar system, and Hayabusa2 will make a big step in these areas to help us be ready to plan and collaborate in the next step of space exploration."

Editor's note: This article has been updated since it was originally published in September 2018.

Michael d'Estries ( @michaeldestries ) covers science, technology, art, and the beautiful, unusual corners of our incredible world.

Related on MNN:
NASA simulation mapping all known large Near-Earth Objects and asteroids in our solar system.
This is every asteroid that has swooped by Earth since 1999
Related topics: Space
See the first images from an asteroid's surface
Japan's space agency makes history by landing two robotic rovers on the surface of the asteroid Ryugu.